English Literature And The Literate World

The earliest surviving O.E. poems – Beowulf and the epic fragments Finnesburgh, Waldhere, Deor and Widsith – reflect the heroic age and Germanic legends of the 4^th-6^th cents., although not probably not recorded until the 7^th cent.. Heroic elements also survive in several elegiac lyrics, e.g. The Wanderer, The Seafarer, and in many poems with a specifically Christian content, e.g. The Dream of the Rood; the Saints’ Lives, e.g. Elene, by the 8^th cent. poet Cynewulf; and the biblical paraphrases, e.g. Genesis, formerly attributed to Caedmon. These poems are all written in unrhytmed alliterative metre. The great prose writers of the early period were the Latin scholars Bede, Aldhelm, and Alcuin, and it was left to Alfred to found the tradition of English prose with his translations and his establishment of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle; other prose writers of the time are Aaelfric and Wulfstan. With the Conquest began the ascendancy of Norman-French in cultural life, and it was not until the 13^th cent. that the native literature regained its strength. Prose was concerned chiefly with popular devotional use, but poetry emerged most typically in the metrical chronicles, e.g. Layamon’s Brut, and the numerous romances based on the stories of Charlemagne, the Arthurian legends, the classical episodes of Troy, etc. First of the great English poets was Chauser, whose early work was moulded by the predominant French influence, but who came to his maturity under that of Renaissance Italy. Of purely native inspiration was The vision of Piers Plowman of Langland in the old alliterative verse, and the Grene Knight. Chauser’s mastery of versification was not shared by his much less effective successors, Lydgate, Occleve, and Hawes; most original of them was Skelton. More Successful were the anonymous authors of songs and carols, and of the ballads, which (e.g. those concerned with Robin Hood) formed a complete cycle. Drama flowered in the form of miracle and morality plays, and prose, although still awkwardly handeled by Wycliffe in his translation of the bible, rose to a great height with malory in the 15^th cent. The Renaissance, which had first touched English literature through Chaucer, came to delayed fruition in the 16^th cent. Wyatt and Surrey acclimtized the sonnet and blank verse in typically Elizabethan forms, and prepared the way for Spenser, Sidney, Daniel, Campion, etc. With Kyd and Marlowe drama emerged into theatrical form; it reached the highest level in Shakespeare and Jonson. Elizabethan prose is represented by Hooker, North, Ascham, Holinshed, Lyly, etc. but English prose reached full richness and variety in the 17^th cent.,which produced the Authorised Version of the bible, Bacon, Milton, Bunyan, Taylor, Browne, Walton, and Pepys. Greatest of the 17^th ccent. poets were Milton and Donne; others include the religious writers Herbert, Crashaw, Vaughan, and Traherne, and the Cavalier lyrists Herrick, Carew, Suckling, and Lovelace. To the Restoration belong butler (1612-80), poet, and Dryden, poet, dramatist, and critic, the founders of religious and political satire; the best of the court poets, Rochester; and the once popular Cowley, Waller, and Denham. Drama is represented by Dryden; Otway and Lee in tragedy; Etherege, Wycherley, Congreve, Vanbrugh, and Farquhar in comedy. With the 18^th cent. opened the Augustan Age in England. Pope perfected the poetic technique of Dryden; while in prose Steele and Addision evolved the form of the polite essay, Swift achieved supremacy in satire, and Defoe exploited his gifts as the genius of journalism. This cent. also saw the development of the novel through the long-drawn intricacies of Richardson to the robust narrative of Fielding and Smollett, the sentiment of Sterne, and the Gothic ‘terror’ of Horace Walpole. The standards established by the ‘ Augustans ‘ were maintained by Johnson and the members of his circle – Goldsmith, Burke, Reynolds, Sheridan, etc., - but the

‘ romantic ‘ element present in the work of the Thomson, Gray, Young, and Collins was soon to overturn them. The forgeries of Chatterton, Macpherson’s ossian, and the work of the Wartons are significant of the new attitude. The poetry of Cowper, Blake, and Crabbe no longer fits into the old categories, and the Lyrical Ballads ( 1798 ) of Wordsworth and Coleridge forms the manifesto of the new age. Byron, Shelley, and Keats form a second generation of Romantic poets. In Fiction Scott took over the Gotic tradition from Mrs. Radcliffe, to create the historical novel, and the quiet genius of Jane Austen established the novel of the comedy of manners. Criticism attained new heights in Coleridge, Lamb, Hazlitt, and De Quincey. During the 19^th cent. the novel was further developed by Dickens, Thackeray, the brontës, George Eliot, Trollope, and the lesser Disraeli, Reade, Kingsley, Bulwer Lytton etc. The principal poets of the reign of Victoria are Tennyson, Browling, Arnold, the members of Rossetti’s circle, Morris and Swineburne, and the solitary Fitzgerald. Among the other great prose writers of the era are Macaulay, Newman, Mill, Carlye, Ruskin, and Pater. To the transition period at the end of the cent. belong the poetry and novels of Meredith and Hardy; the work of Butler and Gissing; and the plays of Pinero, Jones, and the Irishman Oscar Wilde.The Victorian tradition in poetry was continued in the new cent. by Bridges; his contemporary Hopkins was a notable experimenter in verse forms. Kipling, Newbolt, Belloc, Davies, Hodgson, De la Mare, Housman, Chesterton, Masefield, Noyes, and Drinkwater were other poets of the opening cent. Best-remembered poets of the F.W.W. are Sassoon, Brooke, Owen, and Graves. Poets of the succeeding years include Dame Edith Sitwell, T.S. Eliot, Auden, Day Lewis, MacNeice, and Spender. Unusual elements entered the novel with Henry James, Conrad, Kipling, and George Moore. New middle-class realism was in the novels of Wells, Bennett, E.M. Foster, and Galasworthy. Maugham. For other literatures in English see http://exclusive-story.tripod.com . Found Hutchinson and more.

Poem

Fraction On Freedom

 From an Passionate and sensitive fraction of mature love, foliate flavorous delight. imposing delisious lust and affectionate admireres, to an pleasant active life.Allude to its brilliant dimensional rarity, in dignity, in beauty, in perfection, in individualistic virtuos affairs, as far as he is concerned an emotive entrentrenchment.

01-26-2006                            Mr. Roger K.

Eros

Cupid, Amor. In the Hellenic and Roman Pantheon, the god of love.Originally a god of fertility and son of chaos, he is later described as the son of Aphrodite, and is represented as a youth blindfolded, armed with arrows and winged. Cupid is the Roman name for Eros.

The Seven ages of a man

 All the world’s a stage;

And All the men and women merely players:

They have their exits and their entrances;

and one man in his time plays in many parts,

his Acts being seven ages. At first the infant.

mewling and puking in the nurse’s arms.

And then the whining school-boy, with his satchel

and shining morning face, creeping like snail

unwillingly to school. And then the lover

sighing like furnance, with a woeful ballad

made to his mistress eyebrow. Then a soldier,

full of strange oaths, and  beared like the pard,

jelous in honour, sudden and quick in quarrel,

seeking the bubble reputation

even in the connon’s mouth. And then the justice,

in fair round belly with good capon lin’d,

with eyes severe, and beard of normal cut,

full of wise saws and modern instances;

And so he plays his part. The sixth age shifts

into the lean and slipper’d pantaloon,

with spectacles on nose and pouch on side,

His youthful hose well sav’d a world too wide

for his shrunk shank; and his big manly voice,

turning again toward childish treble, pipes

and whistles in his sound. Last scene of all,

that ends this strange eventful history,

is second childishness and mere oblivion,

Sans teeth, sans eyes, sanse taste, sans everything.

William Shakesspeare

Apollo Belvedere

The Greek god, son of Zeus and Leto, and twin brother of Artemis. Apollo was the leader of the Muses, the god of music, song, and poetry,of agri-culture and the pastoral life. He was supposed to have been born on the island of Delos, and he features in a great number of the Greek myths and legends. The chief centres of his cult were Dephi, Delos, and Didyma in Asia Minor. From Delphi his worship spread to Italy, where he was recognized as the god of healing, oracles, and prophecy, Ancient statues show Apollo as the emobodiement of the Greek ideal of male beauty.

Cleopatra

Was a queen of Egypth. She was famous for her beauty and her political cleverness. At first she ruled jointly with her brother, who was also her husband, until she was driven out by him. Later she gained the support of the Roman leader Julius Cesar, who defeated her brother. She became Cesar’s mistress, and lived with him in Rome until returning to Egypt and taking up power again. Later she won the love of Mark Antony in Cilicia, another ruler of Rome. When she and Antony were defeated by Romans she killed herself, rather than beparaded in defeat through Rome. Legend claims that she died by being bitten by an asp, althought it is more likely that she took poison.

Erasmus Darwin

Was an British poet, physican and naturalist. he was born in Notts, he practiced as a doctor at Nottingham, at Litchfield, and at Derby. His most famous Work was The Lovers of the Plants which attempted to expound the Linnaean or sexual system of classification in verse.Sooner another Darwin became famous as British scientist: Charles Robert Darwin.

Aeschylus

Is often called the father of Greek drama. Out of 90 tragedies he wrote, only seven are still known. Two of the best known are Prometheus Bound and Orestia.Other famous Greek Playwrights include Sophocles who wrote Electra and Oedipus Rex, and Euripides, who wrote the Trojan Women, Medea, and another version of the story of Electra. He Brought realism to Greek drama. The subjects of these plays were the gods and the heroes of greek myths and legends. Their plays were performed in annual competitions at the festival of Dionysus in Athenes, at which prizes were given.

Maurice Dekobra

French novelist born in Paris, he became highly successful as a writer of cosmopolitan novels, such as La Madone des Sleepins, and Hell is sold out. ( 1855- )

Ethel M. Dell

British romance writer born in Streatham, she was sensationally successful with her emotional stories, in which the heroes were usually ugly, way of an eagle, the keeper of the door, storm drift.

Casanova De Seingalt

Giovanni Jacopo, born 1725, was an Italian adventurer, author of memoirs largely concerned with his love affairs. He was born in the Italian city Venice, an independent republic in nort east, streching at one time to the alps ( Venetia ), he served in the household of Cardinal Acquaviva, and embarked upon a career of intrigue and adventure which took him into many parts of Europe, especially to Paris, Rome, Berlin, Warsaw, and Madrid. From 1774 he was a police spy in the Venetian service. In 1782 a libel got him into trouble, and after more wanderings  he has appointed in 1785 Count Waldstein’s librarian at his castle of Dux in Bohemia, where he wrote his memoirs ( published: 1826-38 ): the unexpurgated text did not appear until 1960-61.

Joyce

James Augustin Aloysius. Irish writer born in Dublin, he studied medicine in Paris, but later became a teacher of languages. In 1907 he published a volume of verce,( Chamber Music ), and in 1914 the realistic stories “Dubliners”.His portrait of an Artist as a Young Man ( 1916 ) is semi-autobiographical and anticipates the advanced technique of “Ulysses” ( 1922 ) which records the events of a Dublin day, and mingles direct narrative with the unspoken and even unconscious reactions of the characters. The book was banned for obscenity in England and the U.S.A. “Finnegan’s Wake” ( 1939 ), long known as work in progress, attempts a synthesis of all existence, using a polyglot language containing impressionistic compounds, e.g. ‘polyfizzyboisterous’.

Sir Alexander Korda

(1893-1956). British film producer and director, he was born in Hungary, he came to England in 1931 ( naturalized 1936 ); his films include. The Private Life of Henry VIII, The Third Man, (1950) and Richard III (1955).

Jean de La Fontaine

French poet, ( 1621-1695 ) born at Château-Thierry, from 1656 he lived in Paris, enjoying the friendship of Molière, Racine, and Boileau. His outstanding works are his “fables” and his “Contes”, a series of witty and improper tales in verse.

Alphonse de Lamartine

As well, French poet, ( 1790-1869 ) born at Mâcon, he achieved immediate success with his first volume of musically romantic poems, “ meditations “ ( 1820 ), which was followed by “ Nouvelles Mèditations ” ( 1823 ), “ Harmonies “ ( 1830 ), “ Recueillements “ ( 1839 ), etc. He entered the Chamber of Deputies in 1833, and by his “ Histoire des Girondins ( 1847 ) influenced the revolution of 1848.

Joseph Jérôme de Lalande

French Astronomer. From 1762 he was professor of astronomy in the Collège de France, Paris. His popular writings, such as his Traité d’ astronomie ( 1764 ), achieved a wide circulation. His planetary tables were long in use, and in his “ Histoire céleste francaise “ he catalogued over 47,000 stars.

Georges de Latour

( 1593-1652 ) Who was French artist. His name was unknown until discovered by an art historian in 1863 and in the 20^th century. nos. of pictures attributed to others were identified as his. He served as court painter to the King and to the duke of Lorraine, and is especially noted for his `night´ style using the light of shielded candles, etc.

Anna Magnani

Italian actress born in Alexandria of Italian immigrant parentage, she became famous for strongly emotional roles in e.g. “ The Rose Tattoo ( filmed 1955 ), said to have been specially written for her by Tennessee Williams, and the film “ The Fugitive Kind “ ( 1960 ).

Alexander Sergeievich Pushkin

Moscow born Russian poet. ( 1799-1837 ) He held administrative posts, was exiled several times for his liberal views, and deeds, of wounds he received in a duel. At firstinfluenced by Byron, the study of Shakespeare later led him to realism. The great national poet of Russia, Pushkin was a supreme lyricist, and wrote verse novels such as “ Robber Brothers “, “ The Gypsies “, etc., and the great verce romance “ Eugene Onegin “ ( 1822-23 ); the novel “ The Captain’s Daughter “ ( 1836 ), and the tragedy “ Boris Godunov “ ( 1825 ).

John Cowper Powys

British author, born at Shirley, Derbyshire, he was the brother of the versatile writers Theodore Francis Powys and Llewelyn Powys. His verse include “ Wolfsbane “, “ Mandragora “ and “ Samphire “ – titles which, with those of his critical and philosophical works ( The Religion of a Sceptic, In Defence of Sensuality, and The Meaning of Culture ), and his interest in Rabelais ( of whom he pub.. a study in 1947 ), indicate the mystical fantasy and lusty richness of his novels, which include  “ Wolf Solent “ ( 1929 ) and “ A Glastronbury Romance ( 1933 ).

T.N. Murari

 (Taktya Takhta)

Author born in Madras, in the republic of India 1941 has written several bestseller novels. This is one of those, an timeless message of love from one epoch to another. T.N. Murari has been an Feelance Journalist in England for the Guardian, Sunday Times, andThe Observer. He Has also write several Television Shows and Documentaries. Author to the Novel with Original Title: TAJ.

Paulo Coelho

 Author born in Brazil 1947, one of the most famous, has claimed Crystal award of world Economic Forum, the France Legion d’Honneur and german Bambi-Prize for his masterpiece,

“ O Alquimista “.

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Samuel Richardson

British novelist born in Derbyshire, he was apprenticed to a printer, setting up his own business in London in 1719, and becoming printer to the House of Commons. His “ Pamela “ ( 1740 ), written in letter form, achieved a sensational vogue both in England and on the Continent, and was followed by “ Clarissa “ ( 1748 ), and “ Sir Charles Grandison “ ( 1753-54 ). Remarkable for his analysis of the feminine mind, Richardson exercised great influence on the development of the novel.

Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Wills Wilde

 ( 1854-1900 )

Was an Irish writer, born in Dublin, he was educated there and at Magdalen College, Oxford,where he was a leader of the aesthetic circle burlesqued in Gillbert’s “ patience ”. His first poems appeared in 1881, the novel “ The Picture of Dorian Gray “ in 1891, and the series of brilliantly witty comedies “ Lady Windermere’s Fan “ ( 1892 ), “ A Woman of No Importance “ ( 1893 ), “ An Ideal Husband “ ( 1895 ), and the “ The Importance of Being Earnest “, ( 1895 ). After his conviction in 1895 for homosexuality he was imprisoned for two years. This expreience prompted his “ Ballad of Reading Gaol ( 1898 ) and “ De Profundis “, written in prison, and published in full for the first time in 1949. He Latterly lived on the Continent.

Jan Ne´ruda

 Czech poet born in Prague, the leading Czech writer of his day. He published “ Cosmic songs “ and “ Ballades and Romances “ ( 1883 ), lyrics of great charm. His “ Tales of the Malá Strana “ (1878 ) are stories of Prague life.

Yukio Mishima

( 1925-70 ). Japanese author. He often chose homosexual themes, e.g. “ Confession of a Mask “ ( 1949 ). Obsessed by the tradition of the Samurai, he founded a private army, the association of Shields. With his followers he broke into a barracks, addressed the soldiers on the corruption of the nation, and commited hara-kiri.

Giacomo Leopardi

Count ( 1798-1837 ). Italian poet born at Recanati, of noble family, he wrote many of his finest poems, including his great patriotic odes, before he was 21. His first collection, “ Verci “, appeared in 1824, and was followed by his philosophical “ Operette Morali “ ( 1827 ), in prose, and “ canti “ ( 1831 ). After 1830 his life was divided between Florence, Rome, and Naples, were he ’d. Throughout life he was tormented by ill-health, by the consciousness of his deformity (he was hunch-backed), by loneliness and a succession of unhappy love-affairs, and by his failure to find consolation in any philosophy. He has nevertheless been called the greatest lyric poet since Dante.

- You honour to be the the strongest man ever seen couse you’re turning rock’slike anyone never done before, and couse you handle romance for everyone. Even this one living in me.             Le Romantique. Erotica,Drama.